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Inference attack

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An Inference Attack is a <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> technique performed by analyzing data in order to illegitimately gain knowledge about a subject or <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> A subject's sensitive <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> can be considered as leaked if an adversary can infer its real value with a high confidence.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This is an example of breached <a href="Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>. An Inference attack occurs when a user is able to infer from trivial information more robust information about a database without directly accessing it.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The object of Inference attacks is to piece together information at one security level to determine a fact that should be protected at a higher security level.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

While inference attacks were originally discovered as a threat in <a href="Statistical_database" title="Statistical database">statistical databases</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lane1985-5">[5]</a> today they also pose a major privacy threat in the domain of <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a> and <a href="Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">IoT</a> sensor data. Data from <a href="Accelerometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerometers">accelerometers</a>, which can be accessed by third-party apps without user permission in many mobile devices,<a href="#cite_note-BaiYin2017-6">[6]</a> has been used to infer rich information about users based on the recorded motion patterns (e.g., driving behavior, level of intoxication, age, gender, touchscreen inputs, geographic location).<a href="#cite_note-Kröger2019-7">[7]</a>

Highly sensitive inferences can also be derived, for example, from <a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a> data,<a href="#cite_note-LieblingPreibusch2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrögerLutz2020-1-9">[9]</a> <a href="Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">smart meter</a> data<a href="#cite_note-ClementPloennigs2014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SankarRajagopalan2013-11">[11]</a> and voice recordings (e.g., <a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speaker</a> voice commands).<a href="#cite_note-KrögerLutz2020-2-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~jckrumm/Publications%202007/inference%20attack%20refined02%20distribute.pdf">"Inference Attacks on Location Tracks" by John Krumm</a>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~chenli/pub/2007-dasfaa.pdf">http://www.ics.uci.edu/~chenli/pub/2007-dasfaa.pdf</a> "Protecting Individual Information Against

Inference Attacks in Data Publishing" by Chen Li, Houtan Shirani-Mehr, and Xiaochun Yang

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~gshafer/raman.pdf">"Detecting Inference Attacks Using Association Rules" by Sangeetha Raman, 2001</a>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013190215/http://databases.about.com/od/security/l/aainference.htm">""Database Security Issues: Inference" by Mike Chapple"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databases.about.com/od/security/l/aainference.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-23.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Lane1985-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Lane1985_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFV._P._Lane1985" class="citation book cs1">V. P. Lane (8 November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11">Security of Computer Based Information Systems</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 11–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-349-18011-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-BaiYin2017-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BaiYin2017_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaiYinWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bai, Xiaolong; Yin, Jie; Wang, Yu-Ping (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13635-017-0061-8">"Sensor Guardian: prevent privacy inference on Android sensors"</a>. EURASIP Journal on Information Security. 2017 (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13635-017-0061-8">10.1186/s13635-017-0061-8</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2510-523X">2510-523X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Kröger2019-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Kröger2019_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrögerRaschke2019" class="citation conference cs1">Kröger, Jacob Leon; Raschke, Philip (January 2019). "Privacy implications of accelerometer data: a review of possible inferences". Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy. ACM, New York. pp. 81–87. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3309074.3309076">10.1145/3309074.3309076</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LieblingPreibusch2014-8"><a href="#cite_ref-LieblingPreibusch2014_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLieblingPreibusch2014" class="citation book cs1">Liebling, Daniel J.; Preibusch, Sören (2014). "Privacy considerations for a pervasive eye tracking world". Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication. pp. 1169–1177. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2638728.2641688">10.1145/2638728.2641688</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781450330473</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3663921">3663921</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-KrögerLutz2020-1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-KrögerLutz2020-1_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrögerLutzMüller2020" class="citation book cs1">Kröger, Jacob Leon; Lutz, Otto Hans-Martin; Müller, Florian (2020). "What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking". Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 576. pp. 226–241. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-42504-3_15">10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_15</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-42503-6</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-4238">1868-4238</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ClementPloennigs2014-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ClementPloennigs2014_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClementPloennigsKabitzsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Clement, Jana; Ploennigs, Joern; Kabitzsch, Klaus (2014). "Detecting Activities of Daily Living with Smart Meters". Ambient Assisted Living. Advanced Technologies and Societal Change. pp. 143–160. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-37988-8_10">10.1007/978-3-642-37988-8_10</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-37987-1</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2191-6853">2191-6853</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-SankarRajagopalan2013-11"><a href="#cite_ref-SankarRajagopalan2013_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSankarRajagopalanMohajerPoor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sankar, Lalitha; Rajagopalan, S.R.; Mohajer, Soheil; Poor, H.V. (2013). "Smart Meter Privacy: A Theoretical Framework". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 4 (2): 837–846. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSG.2012.2211046">10.1109/TSG.2012.2211046</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1949-3053">1949-3053</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13471323">13471323</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-KrögerLutz2020-2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-KrögerLutz2020-2_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrögerLutzRaschke2020" class="citation book cs1">Kröger, Jacob Leon; Lutz, Otto Hans-Martin; Raschke, Philip (2020). "Privacy Implications of Voice and Speech Analysis – Information Disclosure by Inference". Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 576. pp. 242–258. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-42504-3_16">10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_16</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-42503-6</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-4238">1868-4238</a>.</cite>

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